<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">btps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность техногенных и природных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety of Technogenic and Natural Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9129</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2541-9129-2023-7-4-106-118</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">btps-306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, НАУКИ О МАТЕРИАЛАХ, МЕТАЛЛУРГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES, MATERIALS  SCIENCES, METALLURGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль карбидов в формировании структуры и свойств сталей при импульсном лазерном облучении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of Carbides in Forming the Steels Structure and Properties under Pulsed Laser Irradiation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1175-7543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бровер</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Brover</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галина Ивановна Бровер, доктор технических наук, профессор</p><p>кафедра материаловедения и технологии металлов</p><p>344003</p><p>пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>Ростов-на-Дону</p><p>Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=149063" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=149063</ext-link></p><p>Scopus: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602859970" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602859970</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina I. Brover, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor</p><p>Materials Science and Technology of Metals Department</p><p>Rostov-on-Don</p><p>Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=149063" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=149063</ext-link></p><p>Scopus: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602859970" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602859970</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">brover@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-1955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Евгеньевна Щербакова, кандидат технических наук, доцент</p><p>кафедра материаловедения и технологии металлов</p><p>344003</p><p>пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>Ростов-на-Дону</p><p>Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=642311" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=642311</ext-link></p><p>Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-1686-2016" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-1686-2016</ext-link></p><p>Scopus: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14629669600" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14629669600</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena E. Shcherbakova, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor</p><p>Materials Science and Technology of Metals Department</p><p>Rostov-on-Don</p><p>Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=642311" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=642311</ext-link></p><p>Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-1686-2016" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/L-1686-2016</ext-link></p><p>Scopus: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14629669600" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14629669600</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sherbakovaee@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бровер Г.И., Щербакова Е.Е., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бровер Г.И., Щербакова Е.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Brover G.I., Shcherbakova E.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/306">https://www.bps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/306</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Введение</title><p>   Введение. В современных научных публикациях не существует однозначного суждения и аргументированного металлофизического обоснования роли карбидной фазы облучаемых материалов в формировании требуемой структуры и достижении заданной степени упрочнения поверхностных слоев сталей при импульсной лазерной обработке, особенно в зоне лазерной закалки из твердого (аустенитного) состояния. Решение этого вопроса имеет большое значение, так как позволяет обоснованно и целенаправленно конструировать требуемую структуру поверхностных слоев изделий разного функционального назначения с высокими эксплуатационными свойствами. Сложность и недостаточно подробная изученность процесса структурообразования в поверхностных слоях сталей при экстремальном тепловом воздействии импульсного лазерного излучения потребовали проведения серии металлофизических экспериментов по изучению тонкого строения сталей после скоростной высокотемпературной закалки.</p><p>   Целью данной статьи явилось получение, количественная оценка и критический анализ массива результатов металлофизических исследований и оценка степени влияния карбидной фазы на формирование структуры и свойств поверхностных слоев сталей в процессе импульсной лазерной закалки на разных режимах, то есть с оплавлением и без оплавления поверхности образцов.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материалы и методы</title><p>   Материалы и методы. В работе поверхностному лазерному облучению на установке «Квант 16» подвергались углеродистые и легированные инструментальные стали. Плотность мощности излучения составляла 70–200 МВт/м2. При проведении металлофизических исследований использовались оптическая, сканирующая зондовая и электронная микроскопия; методы дифрактометрического, спектрального и дюрометрического анализа сталей до и после лазерной обработки.</p><p>  Результаты исследования. Показано, что лазерная обработка сталей с плотностью мощности излучения 130–200 МВт/м2 приводила к локальному изменению химического состава в лазерно-оплавленных зонах пятна, частичному или полному растворению присутствующих в облучаемом металле карбидов и к увеличению количества остаточного аустенита в оплавленных зонах до 40–60 %. Установлено, что на стали Р6М5 максимально возможная твердость облученных зон достигалась при растворении 30 % карбидов, на сталях 9ХС, ХВГ — 60–70 %. Показано, что при импульсном лазерном облучении с q = 70–125 МВт/м2, то есть без оплавления поверхности стали, вокруг включений карбидов под действием термо-деформационных напряжений на границах композиции «карбид – стальная матрица» формировались «белые зоны». Они обладали нетравимостью, дисперсностью строения и повышенной твердостью (10–12 ГПа). Определено, что максимальная твердость лазерно-закаленного металла в зонах лазерной закалки из твердого состояния достигалась в случае, если «белые зоны» занимали 40 % облученной области стали. Установлено, что дисперсность карбидов в этом случае составляла 0,5–1,5 мкм.</p><p>   Обсуждение и заключение. Результаты проведенных исследований свидетельствуют о том, что для получения наилучшего сочетания твердости и вязкости облученных зон при лазерной обработке с оплавлением поверхности сталей разного химического состава необходимо растворить разное количество карбидов. Дисперсное строение лазерно-оплавленных зон стали, наряду с достаточно большим содержанием остаточного аустенита, предопределяют возможность повышения эксплуатационных характеристик облученных материалов, особенно в условиях действия внешних ударных нагрузок. Анализ проведенных металлофизических исследований, облученных без оплавления поверхности сталей, позволил сделать вывод, что для получения высокой степени упрочнения необходимо и целесообразно обеспечить присутствие в структуре облучаемой стали определенного объема дисперсных карбидов. Формирующаяся при лазерной обработке без оплавления поверхности стали структурная композиция «белых зон» способствует получению уникального уровня эксплуатационных свойств. Результаты выполненных исследований вносят вклад в теорию структурообразования сталей в условиях экстремального теплового воздействия, а также позволяют осуществлять рациональный выбор режимов поверхностной лазерной обработки изделий и гарантированно обеспечивать их работоспособность.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Introduction</title><p>   Introduction. At present, in scientific publications, there is no unambiguous understanding and reasoned metal physical justification of the role of the carbide phase of irradiated materials in forming the required structure and achieving a given degree of hardening of surface layers of steels during pulsed laser treatment, especially in the zone of laser hardening from a solid (austenitic) state. The solution to this issue is of great importance, since it allows us to reasonably and purposefully design the required structure of surface layers of products of various functional purposes with high performance properties. The complexity and insufficiently detailed study of the process of structure formation in the surface layers of steels under extreme thermal effects of pulsed laser radiation required a series of metal physical experiments to study the fine structure of steels after high-speed high-temperature hardening.</p><p>   The aim of this article was to obtain, quantify and critically analyze the array of results of metal physical studies and to assess the degree of influence of the carbide phase on the formation of structure and properties of surface layers of steels in the process of pulsed laser hardening in different modes, that is, with and without melting the surface of the samples.</p></sec><sec><title>   Materials and Methods</title><p>   Materials and Methods. In the work, carbon and alloyed tool steels were subjected to surface laser irradiation at a Kvant 16 installation. The radiation power density was 70–200 MW/m2. Optical, scanning probe and electron microscopy were used in conducting metal physical studies, as well as methods of diffractometric, spectral and durometric analysis of steels before and after laser treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. It was shown that laser treatment of steels with a radiation power density of 130–200 MW/m2 led to a local change in the chemical composition in the laser-fused areas of the spot, partial or complete dissolution of carbides present in the irradiated metal and an increase in the amount of residual austenite in the fused areas up to 40–60 %. It was found that on P6M5 steel, the maximum possible hardness of the irradiated zones was achieved by dissolving 30 % of carbides, on 9XC, HVG steels — 60–70 %. It was shown that under pulsed laser irradiation with q=70–125 MW/m2, that is, without melting the steel surface, "white zones" formed around carbide inclusions under the influence of thermo-deformation stresses at the boundaries of the "carbide – steel matrix" composition. They had irretrievability, dispersion of the structure and increased hardness (10–12 GPa). It was determined that the maximum hardness of laser-hardened metal in the zones of laser hardening from a solid state was achieved if the "white zones" occupied 40 % of the irradiated area of steel. It was found that the dispersion of carbides in this case was 0.5–1.5 microns.</p><p>   Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the conducted studies indicate that in order to obtain the best combination of hardness and viscosity of the irradiated zones during laser treatment with melting of the surface of steels of different chemical composition, it is necessary to dissolve different amounts of carbides. The dispersed structure of laser-fused steel zones, along with a sufficiently high content of residual austenite, predetermine the possibility of improving the operational characteristics of irradiated materials, especially under conditions of external shock loads. The analysis of the conducted metal physical studies irradiated without melting the surface of steels allows us to conclude that in order to obtain a high degree of hardening, it is necessary and expedient to ensure the presence of a certain volume of dispersed carbides in the structure of the irradiated steel. The structural composition of "white zones" formed during laser treatment without melting the steel surface contributes to obtaining a unique level of operational properties. The results of the performed studies contribute to the theory of steel structure formation under conditions of extreme heat exposure and allow for a rational choice of modes of surface laser processing of products and their operability.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>карбиды в стали</kwd><kwd>лазерное облучение</kwd><kwd>структура</kwd><kwd>свойства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbides in steel</kwd><kwd>laser irradiation</kwd><kwd>structure</kwd><kwd>properties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуреев Д.М., Ямщиков С.В. Основы физики лазеров и лазерной обработки материалов. Самара: Издательство Сам. ун-т; 2001. 393 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gureev DM, Yamshchikov SV. Osnovy fiziki lazerov i lazernoi obrabotki materialov. Samara: Samara University publishing house; 2001. 393 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клебанов Ю.Д., Григорьев С.Н. Физические основы применения концентрированных потоков энергии в технологиях обработки материалов. Москва: Издательство МГТУ «Станкин»; 2005. 220 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klebanov YuD, Grigorev SN. Fizicheskie osnovy primeneniya kontsentrirovannykh potokov energii v tekhnologiyakh obrabotki materialov. Moscow: Publishing house of MSTU "Stankin"; 2005. 220 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xinxin Li, Yingchun Guan. Theoretical fundamentals of short pulse laser – metal interaction: A review. Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering. 2020;3(3):105–125. doi: 10.1016/j.npe.2020.08.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xinxin Li, Yingchun Guan. Theoretical fundamentals of short pulse laser – metal interaction: A review. Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering. 2020;3(3):105–125. doi: 10.1016/j.npe.2020.08.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabdrakhmanov A., Galiakbarov A., Gaisin I. Increasing efficiency of the laser action to materials. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;19(5):1965–1967. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabdrakhmanov A., Galiakbarov A., Gaisin I. Increasing efficiency of the laser action to materials. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2019;19(5):1965–1967. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brover A.V., Brover G.I., Topolskaya I.A. Wear resistance structural aspects of materials after laser processing. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020;969: 012008. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/969/1/012008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brover A.V., Brover G.I., Topolskaya I.A. Wear resistance structural aspects of materials after laser processing. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020;969: 012008. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/969/1/012008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decheng Kong, Chaofang Dong, Xiaoqing Ni, Liang Zhang, Cheng Man, Guoliang Zhu, et al. Effect of TiC content on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by a high-throughput dual-feed laser metal deposition system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;803(1):637–648. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decheng Kong, Chaofang Dong, Xiaoqing Ni, Liang Zhang, Cheng Man, Guoliang Zhu, et al. Effect of TiC content on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by a high-throughput dual-feed laser metal deposition system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;803(1):637–648. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chengkuan Ma, Zhibin Xia, Yifeng Guo, Weifeng Liu, Xuhui Zhao, Qiang Li, et al. Carbides refinement and mechanical properties improvement of H13 die steel by magnetic-controlled electroslag remelting. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2022;19:3272–3286. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chengkuan Ma, Zhibin Xia, Yifeng Guo, Weifeng Liu, Xuhui Zhao, Qiang Li, et al. Carbides refinement and mechanical properties improvement of H13 die steel by magnetic-controlled electroslag remelting. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2022;19:3272–3286. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.090</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zia Ullah Arif, Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Ehtsham ur Rehman, Sibghat Ullah, Muhammad Atif, Ali Tariq. A review on laser cladding of high-entropy alloys, their recent trends and potential applications. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2021;68(B):225–273. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.06.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zia Ullah Arif, Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Ehtsham ur Rehman, Sibghat Ullah, Muhammad Atif, Ali Tariq. A review on laser cladding of high-entropy alloys, their recent trends and potential applications. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2021;68(B):225–273. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.06.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Xing, Wang Quanjie, Zhang Qirui, Guan Yingchun, Zhou Wei. Interface analyses and mechanical properties of stainless steel/nickel alloy induced by multi-metal laser additive manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2023;91:53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.02.038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Xing, Wang Quanjie, Zhang Qirui, Guan Yingchun, Zhou Wei. Interface analyses and mechanical properties of stainless steel/nickel alloy induced by multi-metal laser additive manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2023;91:53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.02.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vimalraj S., Varahamoorthi R., Umesh Bala A., Karthikeyan R. Modeling and optimizing the laser parameters for corrosion resistance in 316 SS laser hardfaced surface using tungsten carbide. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020;26(2):2485–2490. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.529</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vimalraj S., Varahamoorthi R., Umesh Bala A., Karthikeyan R. Modeling and optimizing the laser parameters for corrosion resistance in 316 SS laser hardfaced surface using tungsten carbide. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020;26(2):2485–2490. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.529</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bo Li, Bo Qian, Yi Xu, Zhiyuan Liu, Jianrui Zhang, Fuzhen Xuan. Additive manufacturing of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steel matrix composite via vanadium carbide reinforcement addition and selective laser melting: Formation mechanism and strengthening effect. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;745:495–508. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bo Li, Bo Qian, Yi Xu, Zhiyuan Liu, Jianrui Zhang, Fuzhen Xuan. Additive manufacturing of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steel matrix composite via vanadium carbide reinforcement addition and selective laser melting: Formation mechanism and strengthening effect. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;745:495–508. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yong Chen, Hui Chen, JingQing Chen, Jun Xiong, Ying Wu , ShiYun Dong. Numerical and experimental investigation on thermal behavior and microstructure during selective laser melting of high strength steel. Journal of Manufacturing. 2020;57:533–542. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.06.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yong Chen, Hui Chen, JingQing Chen, Jun Xiong, Ying Wu , ShiYun Dong. Numerical and experimental investigation on thermal behavior and microstructure during selective laser melting of high strength steel. Journal of Manufacturing. 2020;57:533–542. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.06.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niendorf T., Leuders S., Riemer A., Richard H.A., Tröster T., Schwarze D. Highly anisotropic steel processed by selective laser melting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2013;44(4):794–796. doi: 10.1007/s11663-013-9875-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niendorf T., Leuders S., Riemer A., Richard H.A., Tröster T., Schwarze D. Highly anisotropic steel processed by selective laser melting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 2013;44(4):794–796. doi: 10.1007/s11663-013-9875-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael Katancik, Saereh Mirzababaei, Milad Ghayoor, Somayeh Pasebani. Selective laser melting and tempering of H13 tool steel for rapid tooling applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020;849:1563–1572. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael Katancik, Saereh Mirzababaei, Milad Ghayoor, Somayeh Pasebani. Selective laser melting and tempering of H13 tool steel for rapid tooling applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020;849:1563–1572. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brover G.I., Shcherbakova E.E. Aspects of structure formation in surface layers of steel after laser alloying from various coatings. Metallurgist. 2022;66:672–680. doi: 10.1007/s11015-022-01375-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brover G.I., Shcherbakova E.E. Aspects of structure formation in surface layers of steel after laser alloying from various coatings. Metallurgist. 2022;66:672–680. doi: 10.1007/s11015-022-01375-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benarji K., Ravi kumar Y., Jinoop A.N., Paul C.P., Bindra K.S. Effect of WC composition on the microstructure and surface properties of laser directed energy deposited SS 316-WC Composites. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2021;30(9):6732–6742. doi: 10.1007/s11665-021-05971-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benarji K., Ravi kumar Y., Jinoop A.N., Paul C.P., Bindra K.S. Effect of WC composition on the microstructure and surface properties of laser directed energy deposited SS 316-WC Composites. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2021;30(9):6732–6742. doi: 10.1007/s11665-021-05971-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brover A.V., Brover G.I., Moysova O.B. The role of local plastic deformation in the formation of structure and properties of materials under extreme heating. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019;680(1):556–562. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/680/1/012019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brover A.V., Brover G.I., Moysova O.B. The role of local plastic deformation in the formation of structure and properties of materials under extreme heating. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019;680(1):556–562. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/680/1/012019 2019;680(1):556–562. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/680/1/012019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бровер А.В., Бровер Г.И. О протекании процесса рекристаллизации в быстрорежущих сталях при импульсном лазерном облучении. Вестник Донского государственного технического университета. 2011;11(9):1601–1610. URL: https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/895/890 (дата обращения: 25. 08. 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brover AV, Brover GI. On recrystallization behaviour in high-speed steels under pulsed laser illumination. Vestnik of Don State Technical University. 2011;11(9):1601–1610. URL: https://www.vestnik-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/895/890 (accessed: 25. 08. 2023). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pustovoit V.N., Dombrovskii Y.M., Dolgachev Y.V. Structural identification of the phenomenon of “white zone”. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 2017;59:3–7. doi: 10.1007/s11041-017-0092-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pustovoit V.N., Dombrovskii Y.M., Dolgachev Y.V. Structural identification of the phenomenon of “white zone”. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 2017;59:3–7. doi: 10.1007/s11041-017-0092-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brover A.V., Brover G.I. The morphology of carbide and nitride coatings on steels after laser irradiation. Materials Science Forum. 2020;989:145–151. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.989.145</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brover A.V., Brover G.I. The morphology of carbide and nitride coatings on steels after laser irradiation. Materials Science Forum. 2020;989:145–151. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.989.145</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
