btpsБезопасность техногенных и природных системSafety of Technogenic and Natural Systems2541-9129Don State Technical University10.23947/2541-9129-2025-9-4-263-283BBSFORbtps-507Research ArticleТЕХНОСФЕРНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬTECHNOSPHERE SAFETYСтатистическое моделирование сульфатостойкости и углеродного следа для оптимизации многокомпонентных цементовStatistical Modeling of Sulfate Resistance and Carbon Footprint for Optimization of Multi-Component Cementshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9860-9230СмирноваЕ. Э.SmirnovaE. E.

Елена Эдуардовна Смирнова, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Промышленная экология» 

ElibraryID: 438628

197376,  г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, 14, литер А

Elena E. Smirnova, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Industrial Ecology

ElibraryID: 438628

14, Professora Popova St., lit. A, St. Petersburg, 197376

esmirnovae@yandex.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университетРоссияSaint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical UniversityRussian Federation20250612202594263283Copyright © Смирнова Е.Э., 20252025Смирнова Е.Э.Smirnova E.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.bps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/507Введение

Введение. Производство цемента генерирует около 8 % антропогенных выбросов CO2, ежегодные потери от сульфатной коррозии — 2–4 % ВВП [1]. Исследования подтвердили влияние SiO2 и добавок на сульфатостойкость многокомпонентных цементов (МКЦ), однако нет количественных моделей с высоким SiO2 и единого мнения о действии отдельных добавок. Отсутствие долгосрочных полевых экспериментов препятствует решению проблемы опытным путем. Представленная работа восполняет эти пробелы. Цель исследования — создать прогнозные модели для обоснования оптимального состава МКЦ по сульфатостойкости и экологичности. Задачи: обобщение данных по составам МКЦ, ANOVA1, регрессионный анализ, построение и валидация моделей.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Источники тематически структурировали и проанализировали. Провели опыты с восемью составами согласно патенту RU 2079458 C1, ГОСТ 310.1.76 и ГОСТ 310.4.81. Выборку сгруппировали по уровням SiO2. Для моделирования зависимости сульфатостойкости и самонапряжения от SiO2 использовали ANOVA и линейную регрессию.

Результаты исследования

Результаты исследования. Доказана статистическая значимость влияния SiO2 на сульфатостойкость и прочность МКЦ (F = 248,6795, p = 3,5612e-25). Регрессионная модель (Sr = 6,2644 + 0,08 ∙ SiO2, R2 = 0,983) демонстрирует линейную зависимость сульфатостойкости (8,04–9,62 усл. ед.) от содержания SiO2 (21–44 %). При SiO2 > 22 % следует добавлять пуццоланы для компенсации снижения прочности на ранних стадиях твердения. Прочность на сжатие — 35,0–44,0 МПа. Уменьшение C3A до ≤8 % повышает сульфатостойкость. Введение вяжущего 50 % гранулированного шлака оптимизирует структуру цемента и сокращает углеродный след на 27,5 % (до 388,2 кг CO2/т). Увеличение кремнезема в составе:

Обсуждение

Обсуждение. 98,3 % вариации сульфатостойкости объясняется изменениями содержания диоксида кремния. Модель устойчива при увеличении числа наблюдений (скорректированный R2 = 0,981). F-статистика свидетельствует о высокой статистической значимости модели. Доказаны нормальное распределение остатков и высокая точность оценки коэффициентов. Ограничения ГОСТ 22266–2013 для добавок в составе цементов устарели. Новый подход позволит повысить долговечность цемента в сульфатных средах, сократить производственные затраты на 30–50 %, выбросы CO2 — на 27,5 %. Можно выбрать состав бетона в зависимости от экономических или экологических приоритетов.

Заключение

Заключение. Содержание SiO2 — ключевой фактор повышения сульфатостойкости. Этот подход создает новую методологическую перспективу, т. к. преодолевает недостатки ГОСТа. Вариации состава шлаков и отсутствие термической активации могут ограничивать воспроизводимость модели, что требует дальнейших исследований.

 

 

1 От англ

1 От англ. analysis of variance — дисперсионный анализ.

Introduction

Introduction. Cement production is responsible for approximately 8% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, while annual losses from sulfate corrosion account for 2–4% of the global GDP [1]. Studies have confirmed the influence of SiO2 and additives on the sulfate resistance of multi-component cements (MCCs). However, there is a lack of high-SiO2 systems, and there is no consensus on the effects of individual additives. The absence of long-term field experiments hinders an empirical solution to this problem. The present study addresses these gaps. The aim of this research is to develop predictive models to substantiate the optimal composition of MCCs based on their sulfate resistance and environmental performance. The tasks include: synthesizing data on MCC compositions, performing ANOVA and regression analysis, and constructing and validating the models.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods. The data sources were thematically structured and analyzed. Experiments were conducted on eight compositions in accordance with patent RU 2079458 C1 and standards GOST 310.1.76 and GOST 310.4.81. The samples were grouped by SiO2 levels. ANOVA and linear regression were used to model the dependence of sulfate resistance and self-stress on SiO2 content.

Results

Results. The statistical significance of SiO2 influence on the sulfate resistance and strength of MCCs was proven (F = 248.6795, p = 3.5612e–25). The regression model (Sr = 6.2644 + 0.08 ∙ SiO2, R2 = 0.983) demonstrated a linear dependence of sulfate resistance (ranging from 8.04 to 9.62 conventional units) on SiO2 content (21–44%). For SiO2 content > 22%, the addition of pozzolans was recommended to compensate for reduced strength at early stages of hardening. Compressive strength ranged from 35.0 to 44.0 MPa. The reduction of C3A content to ≤8% enhanced sulfate resistance. The introduction of 50% granulated blast-furnace slag as a binder optimized the cement structure and reduced the carbon footprint by 27.5% (to 388.2 kg CO2/t). An increase in silica in the composition:

Discussion

Discussion. The model explains 98.3% of the variance in sulfate resistance through changes in silicon dioxide content. The model remains robust with an increased number of observations, as indicated by the adjusted R2 of 0.981. The F-statistic indicates the high statistical significance of the model. The normal distribution of residuals and the high precision of the coefficient estimates were confirmed. The limitations on additives in cement specified by GOST 22266-2013 are no longer up to date. This new approach will allow for an increase in cement durability in sulfate environments, a reduction in production costs by 30–50%, and a decrease in CO2 emissions by 27.5%. It enables the selection of a concrete composition based on either economic or environmental priorities.

Conclusion

Conclusion. SiO2 content is the key factor in enhancing sulfate resistance. This approach offers a new methodological perspective by overcoming the shortcomings of the GOST standard. Variations in slag composition and the absence of thermal activation may limit the model's reproducibility, necessitating further research.

углеродный след от цементасульфатная коррозияоптимальный состав многокомпонентных цементовэкологическая безопасность строительстваэкологическая эффективность многокомпонентных цементовcarbon footprint of cementsulfate corrosionoptimal composition of multicomponent cementsenvironmental safety of constructionenvironmental efficiency of multicomponent cementsReferencesBarbhuiya S, Kanavaris F, Das BB, Idrees M. Decarbonising Cement and Concrete Production: Strategies, Challenges and Pathways for Sustainable Development. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024;86:108861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108861Barbhuiya S, Kanavaris F, Das BB, Idrees M. Decarbonising Cement and Concrete Production: Strategies, Challenges and Pathways for Sustainable Development. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024;86:108861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108861Овчинников К.Н. Карбоновый след мировой цементной промышленности. Факторы влияния, тренды и потенциал по снижению. Недропользование XXI век. 2022;4(96):127–137. URL: https://clck.ru/3QZDpb (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Ovchinnikov KN. Carbon Footprint of Cement Industry. Influence Factors, Trends and Points of Improvement. Nedropol'zovanie XXI vek. 2022;4(96):127–137. (In Russ.) URL: https://nedra21.ru/upload/iblock/-bb8/mbm3y200f3dkf194s8121y5uc0xm6l69/127_137_K.N.-Ovchinnikov.pdf (accessed: 03.09.2025).Jingjun Li, Shichao Wu, Yuxuan Shi, Yongbo Huang, Ying Tian, Duinkherjav Yagaanbuyant. Effects of Nano-SiO2 on Sulfate Attack Resistance of Multi-Solid Waste-Based Alkali-Activated Mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2025;22:e04227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04227Jingjun Li, Shichao Wu, Yuxuan Shi, Yongbo Huang, Ying Tian, Duinkherjav Yagaanbuyant. Effects of Nano-SiO2 on Sulfate Attack Resistance of Multi-Solid Waste-Based Alkali-Activated Mortar. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2025;22:e04227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04227Moslemi AM, Khosravi A, Izadinia M, Heydari M. Application of Nano Silica in Concrete for Enhanced Resistance against Sulfate Attack. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;829:874–878. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.874Moslemi AM, Khosravi A, Izadinia M, Heydari M. Application of Nano Silica in Concrete for Enhanced Resistance against Sulfate Attack. Advanced Materials Research. 2013;829:874–878. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.874Xinzhe Li, Ganyou Jiang, Naishuang Wang, Yisong Wei, Zheng Chen, Jing Li, et al. Effect of Chlorides on the Deterioration of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution of Cement-Based Materials Subjected to Sulphate Attack. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2025;22:e04235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04235Xinzhe Li, Ganyou Jiang, Naishuang Wang, Yisong Wei, Zheng Chen, Jing Li, et al. Effect of Chlorides on the Deterioration of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution of Cement-Based Materials Subjected to Sulphate Attack. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2025;22:e04235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04235Dvorkin L, Zhitkovsky V, Marchuk V, Makarenko R. High-Strength Concrete Using Ash and Slag Cements. Materials Proceedings. 2023;13(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013016Dvorkin L, Zhitkovsky V, Marchuk V, Makarenko R. High-Strength Concrete Using Ash and Slag Cements. Materials Proceedings. 2023;13(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013016Scrivener K, Snellings R, Lothenbach B. (eds). A Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. 560 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19074Scrivener K, Snellings R, Lothenbach B. (eds). A Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. 560 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19074Junliang Zhao, Kangning Song, Zhongkun Wang, Dongyan Wu. Effect of Nano-SiO2/Steel Fiber on the Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Resistance of High-Volume Fly Ash Cement Materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2023;409:133737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133737Junliang Zhao, Kangning Song, Zhongkun Wang, Dongyan Wu. Effect of Nano-SiO2/Steel Fiber on the Mechanical Properties and Sulfate Resistance of High-Volume Fly Ash Cement Materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2023;409:133737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133737Bo Pang, Yanquan Yang, Yunpeng Cui. Corrosion Resistance Behavior of MgO-SiO2-KH2PO4 Cement under Sulfate Environments. Ceramics International. 2024;51(6):8156–8167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.251Bo Pang, Yanquan Yang, Yunpeng Cui. Corrosion Resistance Behavior of MgO-SiO2-KH2PO4 Cement under Sulfate Environments. Ceramics International. 2024;51(6):8156–8167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.251Imbabi MS, Carrigan C, McKenna S. Trends and Developments in Green Cement and Concrete Technology. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2012;1(2):194–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001Imbabi MS, Carrigan C, McKenna S. Trends and Developments in Green Cement and Concrete Technology. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2012;1(2):194–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001Snellings R, Suraneni P, Skibsted J. Future and Emerging Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023;171:107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199Snellings R, Suraneni P, Skibsted J. Future and Emerging Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023;171:107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. 675 p. URL: https://www.amazon.com/Concrete-Microstructure-Properties-Kumar-Monteiro/dp/933920476X?asin=0071797874&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1 (accessed: 03.09.2025).Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. Columbus: McGraw-Hill Education; 2014. 675 p. URL: https://www.amazon.com/Concrete-Microstructure-Properties-Kumar-Monteiro/dp/X?asin=0071797874&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1 (accessed: 03.09.2025).Шведова М.А., Артамонова О.В., Ракитянская А.Ю. Нано- и микромодифицирование цементного камня комплексными добавками на основе SiO2. Вестник гражданских инженеров. 2021;6(89):105–114. https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-6-105-114Shvedova MA, Artamonova OV, Rakityanskaya AYu. Nano- and Micro-Modification of Cement Stone with Complex Additives Based on SiO2. Bulletin of Civil Engineers. 2021;6(89):105–114. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-6-105-114Акиева Е.А. Прогнозирование марочной прочности цементных систем по результатам краткосрочных испытаний и минералогическому составу. Дис. канд. тех. наук. Белгород: БГТУ; 2006. 150 с. URL: https://new-disser.ru/_avtoreferats/01003301328.pdf (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Akieva EA. Forecasting the Grade Strength of Cement Systems Based on the Results of Short-Term Tests and Mineralogical Composition. Cand.Sci. (Engineering) diss. Belgorod: BSTU; 2006. 150 p. (In Russ.) URL: https://new-disser.ru/_avtoreferats/01003301328.pdf (accessed: 03.09.2025).Харитонов А.М. Принципы прогнозирования свойств цементных композиционных материалов на основе структурно-имитационного моделирования. Известия Петербургского университета путей сообщения. 2009;1:141–152.Kharitonov AM. Principles of Forecasting the Properties of Cement Composite Materials Based on Structural Simulation Modeling. Proceeding of Petersburg Transport University. 2009;1:141–152. (In Russ.)Benson SM, Orr JrFM. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. MRS Bulletin. 2008;33(4):303–305. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.63Benson SM, Orr JrFM. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. MRS Bulletin. 2008;33(4):303–305. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.63Laissy MY, Rashed HF. 3D Printing Technology for Construction: A Structural Shift in Building Infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the ICSDI 2024. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Mansour Y, Subramaniam U, Mustaffa Z, Abdelhadi A, Al-Atroush M, Abowardah E. (eds). Singapore: Springer; 2025. Vol. 558. P. 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8345-8_17Laissy MY, Rashed HF. 3D Printing Technology for Construction: A Structural Shift in Building Infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the ICSDI 2024. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Mansour Y, Subramaniam U, Mustaffa Z, Abdelhadi A, Al-Atroush M, Abowardah E. (eds). Singapore: Springer; 2025. Vol. 558. P. 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8345-8_17Sharma M, Bishnoi S, Martirena F, Scrivener K. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement and Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021;149:106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564Sharma M, Bishnoi S, Martirena F, Scrivener K. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement and Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Review. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021;149:106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564Ishrat Hameed Alvi, Qi Li, Yunlu Hou, Chikezie Chimere Onyekwena, Min Zhang, Abdul Ghaffar. A Critical Review of Cement Composites Containing Recycled Aggregates with Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023;69:105989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105989Ishrat Hameed Alvi, Qi Li, Yunlu Hou, Chikezie Chimere Onyekwena, Min Zhang, Abdul Ghaffar. A Critical Review of Cement Composites Containing Recycled Aggregates with Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023;69:105989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105989Смирнова О.М., Казанская Л.Ф. Бетоны на основе побочных продуктов промышленности: оценка воздействия на окружающую среду Транспортные сооружения. 2022;2(9):1–22. https://doi.org/10.15862/05SATS222Smirnova OM, Kazanskaya LF. Industrial Waste Products Based Concrete: Environmental Impact Assessment. Russian Journal of Transport Engineering. 2022;2(9):1–22. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15862/05SATS222Cuesta A, Ayuela А, Aranda MAG. Belite Cements and Their Activation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021;140:106319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106319Cuesta A, Ayuela А, Aranda MAG. Belite Cements and Their Activation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021;140:106319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106319Elahi MA, Shearer CR, Reza ANR, Saha AK, Khan NN, Hossain M, et al. Improving the Sulfate Attack Resistance of Concrete by Using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): A Review. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;281:122628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122628Elahi MA, Shearer CR, Reza ANR, Saha AK, Khan NN, Hossain M, et al. Improving the Sulfate Attack Resistance of Concrete by Using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): A Review. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;281:122628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122628Поспелова Е.А., Черноситова Е.С., Лазарев Е.В. Статистический анализ качества российских цементов. Вестник Белгородского государственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова. 2017;7:180–186. https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5940f01b05bef8.10658659Pospelova E, Chernositova E, Lazarev EV. Statistical Quality Analysis of the Russian Cement. Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University Named after. V.G. Shukhov. 2017;7:180–186. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5940f01b05bef8.10658659Андреев В.В., Смирнова Е.Э. Цемент, содержащий портландцементный клинкер, гидрогранат кальция и сульфатный компонент. Патент РФ, № 2079458 C1. 1997. 6 с. URL: https://patents.s3.yandex.net/RU2079458C1_19970520.pdf (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Andreev VV, Smirnova EE. Cement Containing Portland Cement Clinker, Calcium Hydrate and Sulfate Component. RF Patent, No 2079458 C1. 1997. 6 p. (In Russ.) URL: https://patents.s3.yandex.net/RU2079458C1_19970520.pdf (accessed: 03.09.2025).Смирнова Е.Э. Оценка и прогноз экологической эффективности многокомпонентных цементов на основе статистического анализа. Безопасность техногенных и природных систем. 2025;9(2):87–101. https://doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2025-9-2-87-101Smirnova EE. Assessment and Prediction of the Environmental Performance of Multi-Component Cements Using Statistical Analysis. Safety of Technogenic and Natural Systems. 2025;9(2):87–101. https://doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2025-9-2-87-101Скобелев Д.О., Потапова Е.Н., Михайлиди Д.Х., Рудомазин В.В. Возможности использования шлаков в зеленом строительстве в контексте устойчивого развития Арктики. Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка. 2024;2(84):88–99. https://doi.org/10.37614/2220-802X.2.2024.84.007Skobelev DO, Potapova EN, Mikhailidi DKh, Rudomazin VV. Blast Furnace Slag as a Construction Material for Arctic Sustainable Development. The North and the Market: Forming the Economic Order. 2024;2(84):88–99. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37614/2220-802X.2.2024.84.007Бастрыгина С.В., Конохов Р.В. Влияние кремнеземсодержащих добавок на прочностные свойства легкого бетона на пористом заполнителе. Труды Кольского научного центра РАН. Серия: Естественные и гуманитарные науки. 2022;1(2):58–66. https://doi.org/10.37614/2949-1182.2022.1.2.007Bastrygina SV, Konokhov RV. Influence of Silica-Containing Additives on Strength Properties of Lightweight Concrete on Porous Aggregate. Transactions of the Kola Science Centre of RAS. Natural Sciences and Humanities Series. 2022;1(2):58–66. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37614/2949-1182.2022.1.2.007Потапов В., Кашутин А., Сердан А., Шалаев К., Горев Д. Нанокремнезем: повышение прочности бетонов. Наноиндустрия. 2013;3(41):40–49. URL: https://www.nanoindustry.su/journal/article/3682?ysclid=mge0xusa4q171412223 (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Potapov V, Kashutin A, Serdan A, Shalayev K, Gorev D. Nanosilica: Increase of Concrete Strength. Nanoindustry. 2013;3(41):40–49. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.nanoindustry.su/journal/article/3682?ysclid=mge0xusa4q171412223 (accessed: 03.09.2025).Zehra Funda Akbulut, Soner Guler. Enhancing the Resilience of Cement Mortar: Investigating Nano-SiO2 Size and Hybrid Fiber Effects on Sulfuric Acid Resistance. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024;98:111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111187Zehra Funda Akbulut, Soner Guler. Enhancing the Resilience of Cement Mortar: Investigating Nano-SiO2 Size and Hybrid Fiber Effects on Sulfuric Acid Resistance. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024;98:111187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111187Овчинникова Е.В. Исследование влияния вида магнезиального флюса на фазовый состав агломерата с целью повышения его прочностных характеристик. Дис. канд. тех. наук. Москва: МИСиС; 2018. 148 с.Ovchinnikova EV. Investigation of the Effect of the Type of Magnesia Flux on the Phase Composition of the Agglomerate in Order to Increase Its Strength Characteristics. Cand.Sci. (Engineering) diss. Moscow: MISiS; 2018. 148 p. (In Russ.) URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_010009494/?ysclid=mge0tqa0uj357076568 (accessed: 03.09.2025).Vipulanandan C, Demircan E. Designing and Characterizing the LEED Concrete for Drilled Shaft Applications. GeoFlorida 2009. Contemporary Topics in Deep Foundations, ASCE. Iskander M, Laefer DF, Hussein MH. (eds.). Orlando: ASCE; 2009. P. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1061/41021(335)7Vipulanandan C, Demircan E. Designing and Characterizing the LEED Concrete for Drilled Shaft Applications. GeoFlorida 2009. Contemporary Topics in Deep Foundations, ASCE. Iskander M, Laefer DF, Hussein MH. (eds.). Orlando: ASCE; 2009. P. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1061/41021(335)7Snellings R, Mertens G, Elsen J. Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 2012;74(1):211–278. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6Snellings R, Mertens G, Elsen J. Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 2012;74(1):211–278. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6Askarian M, Fakhretaha Aval S, Joshaghani A. A Comprehensive Experimental Study on the Performance of Pumice Powder in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2019;7(6):340–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.1511486Askarian M, Fakhretaha Aval S, Joshaghani A. A Comprehensive Experimental Study on the Performance of Pumice Powder in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2019;7(6):340–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.1511486Мин Хейн Хтет, Потапова Е.Н., Бурлов И.Ю. Кинетика минералообразования при синтезе сульфоалюминатного клинкера. Успехи в химии и химической технологии. 2022;36(3):106–108. URL: https://www.muctr.ru/upload/iblock/7ee/zb2awjbwjx0eaaorpzycxwfskfquwwmu.pdf (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Min Hein Htet, Potapova EN, Burlov IY. Kinetics of Mineral Formation in the Synthesis of Sulfoaluminate Clinker. Uspekhi v Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii. 2022;36(3):106–108. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.muctr.ru/upload/iblock/7ee/zb2awjbwjx0eaaorpzycxwfskfquwwmu.pdf (accessed: 03.09.2025).Фалалеева Н.А., Фалалеев А.Г. Об экологии и перспективах расширения сырьевой базы при производстве шлакопортландцементов. Вестник МГСУ. 2011;3(2):52–58. URL: https://www.litres.ru/ (дата обращения: 03.09.2025).Falaleeva NA, Falaleev AG. Enbironmental Issues and Perspectives of New Raw Materials in Production of Slag Portland Cement. Vestnik MGSU. 2011;3(2):52–58. (In Russ.) URL: https://www.litres.ru/ (accessed: 03.09.2025).Vanderley MJ. On the Sustainability of the Concrete. Industry and Environment. 2003;26(2):1–7. URL: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/7615945/on-the-sustainability-of-the-concrete-vanderley-moacyr-john-usp (accessed: 03.09.2025).Vanderley MJ. On the Sustainability of the Concrete. Industry and Environment. 2003;26(2):1–7. URL: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/7615945/on-the-sustainability-of-the-concrete-vanderley-moacyr-john-usp (accessed: 03.09.2025).Thomas M, Folliard KJ, Drimalas T, Ramlochan T. Diagnosing Delayed Ettringite Formation in Concrete Structures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008;38(6):841–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.003Thomas M, Folliard KJ, Drimalas T, Ramlochan T. Diagnosing Delayed Ettringite Formation in Concrete Structures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008;38(6):841–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.003

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.