<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">btps</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность техногенных и природных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety of Technogenic and Natural Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9129</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2541-9129-2026-10-1-32-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">CEJWGJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">btps-530</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MACHINE BUILDING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Прогнозирование надежности стальных канатов на этапе проектирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Predicting the Reliability of Steel Ropes at the Design Stage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-8640</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котесов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotesov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Анатольевич Котесов, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Эксплуатация транспортных систем и логистика»</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p><p>Scopus ID: 57219283753</p><p>ResearcherIDAAL-7299-2020</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly A. Kotesov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department of Operation of Transport Systems and Logistics</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p><p>Scopus ID: 57219283753</p><p>ResearcherIDAAL-7299-2020</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.kotesov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Котесов А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котесов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kotesov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/530">https://www.bps-journal.ru/jour/article/view/530</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Обеспечение безопасности грузоподъемных машин тесно связано с надежностью стальных канатов, работающих под переменными нагрузками и в агрессивных средах. Рост сложности конструкций, высокая интенсивность эксплуатации и увеличение грузоподъемности машин приводят к росту техногенных рисков и экономическим потерям. Традиционные методы — статические коэффициенты запаса и визуальный контроль — неэффективны при цифровизации и росте интенсивности эксплуатации. По данным надзорных органов, 20 % аварий на подъемных сооружениях вызваны дефектами канатов, а ежегодно фиксируется свыше 5000 инцидентов с травматизмом. В литературе описаны статистический анализ дефектов, трибологические модели износа проволок с учетом трения и деградации смазки, иерархическое моделирование каната как системы. Однако сохраняются серьёзные системные проблемы: модели слабо интегрированы в практику, теория отделена от инженерных методов и предиктивные модели не предусматривают комплексного анализа динамики эксплуатационных факторов. Поэтому целью данной работы явилась разработка предиктивной модели оценки надежности стального каната на этапе проектирования с учетом нормативных требований для исключения внезапных отказов и оптимизации эксплуатации.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В основе исследования — предложенная иерархическая декомпозиция надежности каната по уровням деградации, позволившая алгоритмизировать принцип «слабого звена» для последовательных систем. Объект моделирования — стальной канат 6×36 ЛК‑РО по ГОСТ 7668‑80 в составе механизмов портального крана. Адаптация норм РД РОСЭК 012‑97 к задачам проектирования выполнена методом полиномиальной аппроксимации дискретных критериев в непрерывные функции предельных состояний. Для оценки безотказности на различных уровнях иерархии использован комплекс моделей Кельвина–Фойгта, Арчарда, Веллера, а также распределения Вейбулла, Пуассона и нормальный закон. Математическая обработка данных и расчеты вероятностных показателей реализованы в средах MS Excel и Mathcad. Верификация модели проведена сопоставлением прогнозных кривых с расчетным ресурсом по методике ISO 16625 для режимов М5 и М6.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. На основе норм браковки РД РОСЭК 012–97 определены обобщённые предельные состояния каната 6×36 ЛК‑РО (ГОСТ 7668). Получены аналитические зависимости допустимого числа обрывов от износа и коррозии, а также функции связи потери площади сечения с накопленными дефектами для режимов М1–М8. Разработана комплексная предиктивная модель надежности, объединяющая вероятностные процессы накопления обрывов проволок, кинетику износа и реологическую деградацию сердечника в единую вычислительную схему.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Предложенный подход сокращает разрыв между теорией и практикой эксплуатации за счёт учета синергии механизмов деградации. Противоречие между параллельным развитием дефектов и последовательной «моделью слабого звена» разрешено через принцип критичности каждого предельного состояния. В отличие от аддитивных методов реализована концепция динамически зависимых параметров — реологические изменения сердечника трансформируют условия контакта проволок и тем самым ускоряют накопление усталостных повреждений. Применение разработанного аппарата в проектировании повышает точность прогноза. В то же время гетерогенность используемых моделей диктует необходимость создания специфического критерия достоверности для оценки суммарной погрешности.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Модель предназначена для применения на этапе проектирования грузоподъёмных машин с целью предиктивной оценки безотказности и минимизации рисков внезапных отказов канатов по ГОСТ 7668–80. Модель позволяет учесть нормативные требования и обеспечивает на 37 % более консервативный прогноз по сравнению с ISO 16625. Дальнейшее развитие предполагает распространение модели на другие конструктивные группы канатов и внедрение в инженерную практику.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Ensuring the safety of lifting equipment is closely linked to the reliability of steel ropes operating under variable loads and in aggressive environments. Increased design complexity, higher operational intensity, and larger machine lifting capacities lead to increased human-made risks and economic losses. Traditional methods, such as static safety factors and visual inspections, are ineffective in the face of digitalization and increased operational intensity. According to regulatory authorities, 20% of accidents involving lifting equipment are caused by rope defects, with more than 5,000 injury incidents recorded annually. The literature describes statistical defect analysis, tribological models of wire wear that take into account friction and lubricant degradation, and hierarchical modeling of rope as a system. However, there are still some serious systemic problems: models are not fully integrated into practice, theoretical knowledge is not always applied in engineering methods, and predictive models do not allow for a comprehensive analysis of operational factors. To address these issues, the aim of this work is to develop a predictive model for assessing the reliability of steel ropes at the design stage. This model takes into account regulatory requirements in order to prevent sudden failures and optimize operations.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The study was based on the proposed hierarchical decomposition of rope reliability by degradation levels, which allowed for the algorithmic implementation of the “weakest link” principle for sequential systems. The modeling object was a 6×36 WS FC (two lay rope type) steel rope according to GOST 7668–80 used in gantry crane mechanisms. RD ROSEK 012–97 standards were adapted to the design tasks using a polynomial approximation method of discrete criteria into continuous limit state functions. To assess reliability at various hierarchical levels, a combination of Kelvin-Voigt, Archard, and Weller models, as well as the Weibull, Poisson, and normal distributions, was applied. Mathematical data processing and probability calculations were implemented in MS Excel and Mathcad. The model was verified by comparing predicted curves with the estimated service life according to the ISO 16625 methodology for M5 and M6 modes.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on the RD ROSEK 012–97 rejection standards, generalized limit states for 6×36 WS FC rope (GOST 7668) were determined. Analytical functions were derived for the relationship between the permissible number of breaks, wear, and corrosion, as well as the dependence of cross-sectional area loss on accumulated defects for M1–M8 modes. A comprehensive predictive reliability model was developed that integrates probabilistic processes of wire breakage accumulation, wear kinetics, and rheological degradation of the core into a single calculation model.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The proposed approach aims to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and operational practice, by considering the synergy of degradation mechanisms. It resolves the contradiction between the parallel development of defects and the sequential approach (“weakest link model”), using the principle of criticality in any limit state. Unlike additive methods, this approach incorporates the concept of dynamically dependent parameters. The rheology of the material alters the contact conditions between wires, accelerating fatigue damage accumulation. Using this approach as an analytical tool during design ensures high accuracy in predictions. However, due to the heterogeneity of models, it is necessary to develop a specific criterion for assessing overall error.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The model is designed to be used during the design phase of lifting equipment to predictively assess reliability and minimize the risk of sudden rope failure in accordance with GOST 7668–80. It takes into account regulatory requirements and provides a 37% more conservative forecast compared to ISO 16625. Future development plans include extending the model to other rope design groups and integrating it into engineering practice.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стальной канат</kwd><kwd>надежность</kwd><kwd>безотказность</kwd><kwd>предиктивная модель</kwd><kwd>иерархическая декомпозиция</kwd><kwd>износ и коррозия</kwd><kwd>реологическая деградация сердечника</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>steel rope</kwd><kwd>reliability</kwd><kwd>failure-free operation</kwd><kwd>predictive model</kwd><kwd>hierarchical decomposition</kwd><kwd>wear and corrosion</kwd><kwd>rheological degradation of the core</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухоруков В.В., Котельников В.С. Мониторинг состояния стальных канатов автоматизированными средствами технического диагностирования. Безопасность труда в промышленности. 2019;9:72–81. https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2019-9-72-81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhorukov VV, Kotelnikov VS. Monitoring of Steel Ropes Condition with Technical Diagnostics Automated Means. Occupational Safety in Industry. 2019;9:72–81. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2019-9-72-81</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хальфин М.Н., Аль-Джумаили Абдулсатар Х Шихан. К повышению надежности эксплуатации подъемных канатов в металлургическом производстве. Известия высших учебных заведений. Северо-Кавказский регион. Технические науки. 2015;(3(184)):68–71. https://doi.org/10.17213/0321-2653-2015-3-68-71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halfin MN, Al-Jumaili AKh. To Improve the Reliability Operation of Hoisting Ropes in the Metal Manufacturing. Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasian Region. Technical Sciences. 2015;3(184):68–71. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17213/0321-2653-2015-3-68-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хальфин, М.Н. К вопросу о выборе несущих канатов пассажирских канатных дорог / М.Н. Хальфин, А.А. Короткий, Б.Ф. Иванов .Известия Тульского государственного университета. Технические науки. 2019;6:397–402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halfin MN, Korotkiy AA, Ivanov BF. To a Question of the Choice of the Bearing Ropes of Passenger Cableways. News of the Tula State University. Technical Sciences. 2019;6:397–402. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Короткий, А.А., Иванов Б.Ф, Панфилова Э.А. К вопросу о контроле фактического состояния стальных канатов пассажирских канатных дорог. Научно-технический вестник Брянского государственного университета. 2025;1:67–74. https://doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2025-11-01-67-74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkiy AA, Ivanov BF, Panfilova EA. On the Issue of Monitoring the Actual Condition of Steel Ropes of Passenger Cable Cars. Scientific and Technical Journal of Bryansk State University. 2025;1:67–74. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2025-11-01-67-74</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Короткий А.А., Панфилов А.В., Хван Р.В., Юсупов А.Р. Интегральный метод оценки дефектов на работоспособность стального каната с использованием искусственных нейронных сетей. Транспортное, горное и строительное машиностроение: наука и производство. 2023;18:73–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkiy AA, Panfilov AV, Khvan RV, Yusupov AR. Integral Method of Assessing Defects on the Operability of Steel Rope Using Artificial Neural Networks. Transport, Mining and Construction Engineering: Science and Production. 2023;18:73–79. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панфилов А.В., Юсупов А.Р., Короткий А.А., Иванов Б.Ф. О контроле технического состояния лифтовых канатов на основе технологий искусственного интеллекта и компьютерного зрения. Advanced Engineering Research. 2022;22(4)323–330. https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2022-22-4-323-330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panfilov AV, Yusupov AR, Korotkiy AA, Ivanov BF. On the Control of the Technical Condition of Elevator Ropes Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision Technology. Advanced Engineering Research (Rostov-on-Don). 2022;22(4):323–330. https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2022-22-4-323-330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панфилов А.В., Короткий А.А., Иванов Б.Ф., Юсупов А.Р. Контроль канатов при эксплуатации машин с канатной тягой. Научно-технический вестник Брянского государственного университета. 2022;4:330–338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panfilov AV, Korotkiy AA, Ivanov BF, Yusupov AR. Control of Ropes during the Operation of Machines with Rope Traction. Scientific and Technical Journal of Bryansk State University. 2022;4:330–338. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2022-08-04-330-338</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчицкий А.А., Мансурова О.К., Николаев М.Ю. Распознавание дефектов грузоподъемных канатов металлургического оборудования оптическим методом с помощью нейронных сетей. Черные металлы. 2023;3:81–88. https://doi.org/10.17580/chm.2023.03.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchitskiy AA, Mansurova OK, Nikolaev MYu. Recognition of Defects in Hoisting Ropes of Metallurgical Equipment by an Optical Method Using Neural Networks. Chernye Metally. 2023;3:81–88. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17580/chm.2023.03.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wahid Achraf, Mouhib Nadia, Sabah Fatima, Chakir Hamid, Ghorba MEl. Analytical Estimation of the Reliability of Wire Rope Based on Cumulative Damage. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019;286(3):05001. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928605001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wahid Achraf, Mouhib Nadia, Sabah Fatima, Chakir Hamid, Ghorba MEl. Analytical Estimation of the Reliability of Wire Rope Based on Cumulative Damage. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019;286(3):05001. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928605001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wahid Achraf, Bassir Youssef, Mouhib Nadia, Hamid Chakir, Mohamed Elghorba. Analytical Approach for Damage Reliability Assessment of Wire Rope. International Journal of Performability Engineering. 2020;16(8):1151–1158. https://10.23940/ijpe.20.08.p2.11511158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wahid Achraf, Bassir Youssef, Mouhib Nadia, Hamid Chakir, Mohamed Elghorba. Analytical Approach for Damage Reliability Assessment of Wire Rope. International Journal of Performability Engineering. 2020;16(8):1151–1158. https://10.23940/ijpe.20.08.p2.11511158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouradi H, El Barkany Abdellah, Biyaali A. A Probabilistic Approach to Reliability Evaluation of Lifting Wire Ropes. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2014;9:923–928. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289468988</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mouradi H, El Barkany Abdellah, Biyaali A. A Probabilistic Approach to Reliability Evaluation of Lifting Wire Ropes. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2014;9:923–928. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289468988</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassir Youssef, Wahid Achraf, Kartouni Abdelkarim, ELghorba Mohamed. Estimation of Wire Rope Reliability by Two Analytical Approach. International Journal of Performability Engineering. 2021;17(7):619. https://doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.21.07.p6.619626</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassir Youssef, Wahid Achraf, Kartouni Abdelkarim, ELghorba Mohamed. Estimation of Wire Rope Reliability by Two Analytical Approach. International Journal of Performability Engineering. 2021;17(7):619. https://doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.21.07.p6.619626</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yifan Xia, Lu Deng, Xiangjun Chen, Tengyuan Liu, Zhendan Yang, Chunni Jia, et al. A Multi-Scale Finite Element Analysis Method for Dynamic Simulation of the Wire Rope. Structures. 2025;71:108136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.108136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yifan Xia, Lu Deng, Xiangjun Chen, Tengyuan Liu, Zhendan Yang, Chunni Jia, et al. A Multi-Scale Finite Element Analysis Method for Dynamic Simulation of the Wire Rope. Structures. 2025;71:108136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.108136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuchen Han, Jingshan Hao, Huadong Yong, Youhe Zhou. The Stick-Slip Bending Behavior of the Multilevel Helical Structures: A 3D Thin Rod Model with Frictional Contact. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2024;303:113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.113005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuchen Han, Jingshan Hao, Huadong Yong, Youhe Zhou. The Stick-Slip Bending Behavior of the Multilevel Helical Structures: A 3D Thin Rod Model with Frictional Contact. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2024;303:113005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.113005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salleh S, Abdullah MA, Abdulhamid MF, Tamin MN. Methodology for Reliability Assessment of Steel Wire Ropes under Fretting Fatigue Conditions. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2017;11(1):2488–2502. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.11.1.2017.8.0229</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salleh S, Abdullah MA, Abdulhamid MF, Tamin MN. Methodology for Reliability Assessment of Steel Wire Ropes under Fretting Fatigue Conditions. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2017;11(1):2488–2502. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.11.1.2017.8.0229</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuxing Peng, Kun Huang, Chenbo Ma, Zhencai Zhu, Xiangdong Chang, Hao Lu, et al. Friction and Wear of Multiple Steel Wires in a Wire Rope. Friction. 2023;11:763–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0665-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuxing Peng, Kun Huang, Chenbo Ma, Zhencai Zhu, Xiangdong Chang, Hao Lu, et al. Friction and Wear of Multiple Steel Wires in a Wire Rope. Friction. 2023;11:763–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0665-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chun-ming Xu, Yu-xing Peng, Zhen-cai Zhu, Wei Tang, Kun Huang. Fretting Behaviors of Steel Wires with Tensile-Torsional Coupling Force under Different Wire Diameters and Crossing Angles. Tribology Letters. 2020;68:91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01331-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chun-ming Xu, Yu-xing Peng, Zhen-cai Zhu, Wei Tang, Kun Huang. Fretting Behaviors of Steel Wires with Tensile-Torsional Coupling Force under Different Wire Diameters and Crossing Angles. Tribology Letters. 2020;68:91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-01331-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головин, В.П. Методы оценки влияния смазочного материала на износостойкость стального каната. Вестник Ростовского государственного университета путей сообщения. 2025;3:197–204. https://doi.org/10.46973/0201–727X_2025_3_197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovin VP. Methods for Evaluating the Effect of Lubricants on the Wear Resistance of Steel Rope. Vestnik Rostovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Putej Soobshcheniya (Vestnik RGUPS). 2025;3:197–204. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.46973/0201–727X_2025_3_197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han Peng, Yihao Zhang, Linjian Shangguan, Minzhang Zhao, Bing Li, Leijing Yang, Yannan Liu. Review of Failure Mechanisms of Steel Wire Ropes under Heavy-Load Conditions and the Anti-Friction Effects of Gel-Like Grease. Gels. 2025;11(11):900. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels1111090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han Peng, Yihao Zhang, Linjian Shangguan, Minzhang Zhao, Bing Li, Leijing Yang, Yannan Liu. Review of Failure Mechanisms of Steel Wire Ropes under Heavy-Load Conditions and the Anti-Friction Effects of Gel-Like Grease. Gels. 2025;11(11):900. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels1111090</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волоховский В.Ю., Воронцов А.Н., Шпаков И.И., Гончаров В.В. Анализ эксплуатационной надежности грузовых канатов заливочных кранов сталеплавильного производства. Безопасность труда в промышленности. 2020;5:7–16. https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-5-7-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volokhovsky VYu, Vorontsov AN, Shpakov II, Goncharov VV. Analysis of the Operational Reliability of the Hot-Metal Crane Cargo Ropes in Steelmaking. Occupational Safety in Industry. 2020;5:7–16. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-5-7-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
