Introduction. Studies of fire risks associated with overhead power lines (OHPLs) consider combustible materials, terrain, and meteorological conditions. The mechanisms of fire occurrence and spread have been studied, and quantitative risk modeling is being developed based on incident statistics. However, these scenarios rely on arbitrary or poorly defined sets of initial factors, making it difficult to create unified risk management systems. This scientific work aims to fill this gap by creating a unified classification of fire hazard factors for overhead power lines that takes into account the causes, environment, and development of fires. A scenario-based risk matrix for OHPLs is built on this foundation.

Materials and Methods. The basis of the study was a method for assessing fire risk, which considers fire from overhead power lines as a result of the interaction between three key components: the ignition source, combustible medium and fire propagation conditions. Through an analysis of the relevant literature, these components were broken down, classified, and the principles for systematizing them were identified.

Results. Ignition sources, combustible medium, and fire propagation conditions were presented as axes in the scenario matrix of fire risk associated with overhead power lines. These factors were classified and structured using author-created diagrams. The first one included the types of short circuits, heating, and ignition mechanisms. In the second, four classes of materials were differentiated by their sensitivity to fire. The third one described three categories of fire propagation conditions. The risk level and critical ignition energy were mathematically represented. The final matrix aggregated four classes of material: high-sensitive, medium-sensitive, low-sensitive, and specific. Fire spread conditions were divided into favorable, moderate, and unfavorable. Taking into account the ignition sources (interphase and single-phase), the risk levels were determined: low, medium, high, and critical.

Discussion. The matrix combined 24 typical scenarios of the studied hazard (two groups of sources × four classes of materials × three categories of propagation conditions). Five scenarios (approximately 21%) were critical. As a rule, they occurred with a combination of high-energy emergency conditions, high- and medium-sensitive materials and adverse weather conditions. The matrix can be used in the transition from a qualitative description of OHPLs to a quantitative assessment of the probability of a fire and its consequences. This innovation will be beneficial for modeling OHPL incidents, refining safety measures, and improving risk assessment. Scenarios can be ranked based on importance, allowing for a more efficient allocation of resources for protective measures.

Conclusion. The new approach, in contrast to the traditional one, makes it possible to overcome the limitations of the fragmented hazard assessment and systematically analyze fire scenarios related to overhead power lines. This allows us to justify decisions on modernizing and strengthening the protection of individual network sections, i.e., to focus investments on infrastructure elements and typical situations that fire risks depend on to a greater extent. Future research in this area is expected to:

• supplement accident statistics and the amount of experimental data on the energy characteristics of ignition sources;
• provide a quantitative parameterization of the function that represents the risk level for each scenario;

set numerical thresholds for four risk levels.

Introduction. Ensuring fire safety at oil and gas enterprises is a crucial aspect of occupational health and safety management system. These facilities are known to have a high concentration of flammable and explosive materials. According to statistics from the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostechnadzor), approximately 38% of accidents at oil and gas facilities are related to fires and explosions. The introduction of a new method for calculating fire risk values and requirements for the occupational safety and health management system necessitates an integrated approach to fire risk management. The scientific problem is the lack of a comprehensive methodology linking fire risk assessment procedures with occupational risk management processes within a single system. The purpose of this research is to create an integrated fire risk management system that aims to enhance the effectiveness of occupational safety in oil and gas industry.

Materials and Methods. The research methodology was based on a systematic approach to integrating fire risk assessment procedures in accordance with Order No. 533 of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) processes. The research base consisted of data from 12 oil and gas industry facilities: four gas treatment units, three compressor stations, three oil pumping stations, and two gas distribution stations. The main facility was a gas treatment unit located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO). Initial data were collected over a period of at least three years, and a group of experts, including fire safety specialists, occupational safety engineers, and process specialists, was involved in determining the OHSMS 

correction factors. Expert evaluation was conducted using the Delphi method, with consistency analysis using the Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W = 0.82). As part of the research, a mathematical model with correction factors and an integrated hazard matrix was developed. At the first stage, identification and classification of hazards were carried out in accordance with Article 9 of Federal Law No. 123-FZ “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements”, dated July 22, 2008. At the second stage, logical event trees were built and integrated metrics were calculated using JupyterNotebook (Python, Pandas, Scipy, NumPy libraries), and compared with traditional methods.

Results. An integrated fire risk management system was developed, which included five interrelated processes: hazard identification, risk assessment, development of management measures, monitoring and continuous improvement. A mathematical model for calculating potential fire risk was proposed, introducing the OHSMS integration coefficient, which allows for the consideration of the impact of organizational and technical occupational safety measures on fire likelihood and consequences. Within the integrated approach, 47 types of hazards were identified compared to 35 using the traditional methods, indicating more detailed risk source identification. The fire risk was reduced by 22–26% when using the integrated system compared to the baseline level.

Discussion. The use of an integrated approach to occupational risk management can increase its efficiency by 25–30%, due to a synergistic effect that has been confirmed by a comparative analysis of traditional and proposed risk assessment methods at oil and gas facilities. This effect is achieved through the integrated consideration of OHSMS measures, which affect the frequency and severity of fire-related incidents, while taking into account the limitations of the methodology, such as dependence on the completeness and representativeness of accident data (at least three years of observations) and focusing mainly on objects with continuous technological processes. The results obtained are consistent with international research on safety system integration, which has shown that similar approaches can improve hazard identification accuracy by 20–35% and enhance the quality of risk assessments.

Conclusion. The results of this study can be used to improve safety management systems at oil and gas enterprises. This includes the introduction of a mathematical model with OHSMS coefficients to reduce fire risks by 22–26%. The proposed integrated system contributes to the development of scientific foundations for risk management in industry. It opens up prospects for further research on adapting this approach to marine facilities, as well as permafrost and other extreme climates. It is recommended to use the model to optimize resource allocation in OHSMS. This should take into account the results of expert evaluations and regular revisions of parameters as more statistical data becomes available.

Introduction. Modernization of production facilities, with increased automation and complexity of technological processes, leads to a greater psychophysiological burden on workers and a higher likelihood of errors. This, in turn, increases the risk of occupational injuries. The increasing number of workplace accidents underscores the economic and social importance of accident prevention, as injuries reduce productivity and increase compensation costs. Modern approaches to occupational risk management require a systematic assessment of not only the probability of an incident and the severity of its consequences, but also the state of protective mechanisms — safety barriers that limit the impact of hazardous factors. Haddon's methodology, originally developed for transportation safety, can be used to identify weak links and analyze the sequence of incidents. Its barrier-oriented principles are theoretically applicable to industrial environments. However, existing research on barrier models in industry is fragmented and does not provide a unified tool for quantifying the effectiveness of barriers and their contribution to reducing injury risks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a method for applying a barrier-oriented approach based on the Haddon model for a comprehensive quantitative assessment of personnel injury risks.

Materials and Methods. A barrier safety model was used to solve the problem of reducing occupational injuries. The study consisted of three parts. The first was a comprehensive analysis of the requirements of Russian legislation in the field of occupational risk assessment, as well as scientific publications on the use of a barrier-oriented approach. The second was the description of the methodology for determining the likelihood of a hazard based on the results of an assessment of the reliability of safety barriers. The assessment of safety barriers was conducted according to checklists using the adapted Haddon model. Finally, an illustration of practical application of barrier approach using model example was provided.

Results. A methodology for using a barrier-oriented approach to assess injury risks has been developed. A method for quantifying the impact of current hazards has been defined, taking into account the reliability of safety barriers. Risk levels for the hazard realization have been determined. Both the methodological principles proposed in this study and those already applied have been considered, indicating their advantages and limitations. An example of calculating the probability of hazards occurring when lifting and moving goods using hoisting devices has been given.

Discussion. The presented methodology for applying the barrier-oriented approach allows us to take into account the influence of organizational factors and human factor on the safety of production processes and to obtain quantitative estimates of the possibility of hazard occurrence. Additionally, this approach provides a comprehensive assessment of safety barriers, considering not only their presence and effectiveness, but also reliability indicators — efficiency and sustainability of operation. This creates a basis for simplifying the process of prioritizing injury prevention measures and optimizing occupational risk management systems.

Conclusion. The main results of the research include a practical way to calculate the probability of hazardous production factors, as well as recommendations for gradual implementation of the developed methodology into the practice of occupational safety and health management. The practical significance of this work lies in its potential for integration of the proposed approach with operational monitoring tools in the field of occupational safety and health and in its applicability to solving problems related to worker injury risk management in various production conditions.

Introduction. Ensuring the safety of lifting equipment is closely linked to the reliability of steel ropes operating under variable loads and in aggressive environments. Increased design complexity, higher operational intensity, and larger machine lifting capacities lead to increased human-made risks and economic losses. Traditional methods, such as static safety factors and visual inspections, are ineffective in the face of digitalization and increased operational intensity. According to regulatory authorities, 20% of accidents involving lifting equipment are caused by rope defects, with more than 5,000 injury incidents recorded annually. The literature describes statistical defect analysis, tribological models of wire wear that take into account friction and lubricant degradation, and hierarchical modeling of rope as a system. However, there are still some serious systemic problems: models are not fully integrated into practice, theoretical knowledge is not always applied in engineering methods, and predictive models do not allow for a comprehensive analysis of operational factors. To address these issues, the aim of this work is to develop a predictive model for assessing the reliability of steel ropes at the design stage. This model takes into account regulatory requirements in order to prevent sudden failures and optimize operations.

Materials and Methods. The study was based on the proposed hierarchical decomposition of rope reliability by degradation levels, which allowed for the algorithmic implementation of the “weakest link” principle for sequential systems. The modeling object was a 6×36 WS FC (two lay rope type) steel rope according to GOST 7668–80 used in gantry crane mechanisms. RD ROSEK 012–97 standards were adapted to the design tasks using a polynomial approximation method of discrete criteria into continuous limit state functions. To assess reliability at various hierarchical levels, a combination of Kelvin-Voigt, Archard, and Weller models, as well as the Weibull, Poisson, and normal distributions, was applied. Mathematical data processing and probability calculations were implemented in MS Excel and Mathcad. The model was verified by comparing predicted curves with the estimated service life according to the ISO 16625 methodology for M5 and M6 modes.

Results. Based on the RD ROSEK 012–97 rejection standards, generalized limit states for 6×36 WS FC rope (GOST 7668) were determined. Analytical functions were derived for the relationship between the permissible number of breaks, wear, and corrosion, as well as the dependence of cross-sectional area loss on accumulated defects for
M1–M8 modes. A comprehensive predictive reliability model was developed that integrates probabilistic processes of wire breakage accumulation, wear kinetics, and rheological degradation of the core into a single calculation model.

Discussion. The proposed approach aims to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and operational practice, by considering the synergy of degradation mechanisms. It resolves the contradiction between the parallel development of defects and the sequential approach (“weakest link model”), using the principle of criticality in any limit state. Unlike additive methods, this approach incorporates the concept of dynamically dependent parameters. The rheology of the material alters the contact conditions between wires, accelerating fatigue damage accumulation. Using this approach as an analytical tool during design ensures high accuracy in predictions. However, due to the heterogeneity of models, it is necessary to develop a specific criterion for assessing overall error.

Conclusion. The model is designed to be used during the design phase of lifting equipment to predictively assess reliability and minimize the risk of sudden rope failure in accordance with GOST 7668–80. It takes into account regulatory requirements and provides a 37% more conservative forecast compared to ISO 16625. Future development plans include extending the model to other rope design groups and integrating it into engineering practice.

Introduction. Fatigue failure is one of the main causes of failure of metal structures subjected to variable loads. Initially, this damage is not visible as cracks, but it leads to the accumulation of microdefects and the redistribution of internal stresses. Currently, it is not possible to monitor the progression of these defects in large structures with a significant surface area. To detect such processes in a timely manner, highly sensitive inspection methods are required that can identify potential areas of failure with a high degree of accuracy during the early stages of structural operation. Such methods do not currently exist, and our research aims to solve this problem to a certain extent. One promising approach is the monitoring of changes in the strength of a permanent magnetic field, which reflects the evolution of material state. The current study aims to investigate the potential of spatial analysis of magnetic response to identify instability zones during fatigue loading, where the likelihood of failure is high, as well as to analyze changes in steel structure.

Materials and Methods. The study focused on samples made of 09G2S steel, subjected to loading to fracture on a servohydraulic testing machine INSTRON-8801. Magnetic measurements were taken at 12 points along the sample using an IKN-2M-8 instrument. Changes in the resulting strength of the permanent magnetic field were recorded at different stages of fatigue loading. All measurements were repeated at least three times to ensure the reliability of the results.

Results. It has been found, that at the stage of relative operating time Ni/Np = 0.4–0.5, anomalous changes in the magnetic field strength corresponding to the fracture nucleus were recorded at certain points. Additionally, a characteristic area of signal stabilization was observed in the range Ni/Np = 0.8–0.9. This could be explained by the temporary relaxation of stresses prior to destruction. The obtained data demonstrate the local variability of the magnetic response and confirm the sensitivity of this method to the early stages of material degradation.

Discussion. The conducted research has shown that spatial analysis of changes in the strength of a permanent magnetic field can be used to locate fracture nuclei in ferromagnetic steels. This dataset can be used as a basis for training samples for intelligent monitoring systems, including neural network algorithms that focus on predicting the remaining life and automatically assessing the technical condition of structures. This is particularly important for welded structures with a high number of welds.

Conclusion. The introduction of energy into a system inevitably leads to a reorganization of the structure of the material in order to adapt to external forces. This reorganization is accompanied by a change in the material's magnetic field. By recording these changes, it is possible to interpret the measurement results in terms of possible destruction, as the most efficient way for the system to utilize the supplied energy is through the formation of new surfaces, or cracks.