Introduction. The cement industry, a cornerstone of the construction sector, generates significant CO₂ emissions (5–8% of global totals). Amid growing demands for sustainable development and green construction, the development of multi-component cements (MCCs) with clinker partially replaced by active mineral additives (slag, phosphogypsum) is critical for reducing environmental impact while enhancing properties such as sulfate resistance, strength, and deformation control. The core problem lies in the lack of systematic statistical approaches to optimize MCC compositions, which hinders achieving a balance between environmental sustainability and performance characteristics. Many studies on MCCs focus on strength and sulfate resistance, but rarely employ statistical methods for comprehensive composition optimization. Other works highlight the environmental benefits of MCCs, yet fail to propose systematic approaches for property prediction. The research gap stems from insufficient correlation analyses of the relationships between chemical composition and MCCs properties, as well as limited investigation into the impact of impurities (e.g., MgO, alkali oxides) on sulfate resistance, which restricts the development of versatile formulations. This study aims to develop statistical approaches for optimizing MCC compositions to enhance sulfate resistance, control self-stress and linear expansion, and reduce carbon footprint, thereby addressing the identified research gap. To achieve this, the following tasks are defined: conduct correlation analysis of the relationships between MCC chemical composition (SiO₂, CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SO₃, etc.) and performance characteristics (sulfate resistance, self-stress, linear expansion) based on experimental data; evaluate the environmental efficiency of replacing clinker with active mineral additives (blast-furnace slag, phosphogypsum, calcium hydrogarnets) through carbon footprint calculations; identify key chemical components with the greatest influence on sulfate resistance and deformation properties, and provide optimization recommendations; investigate the impact of impurities in active additives (e.g., MgO, alkali oxides) on sulfate resistance and propose mitigation strategies; develop an adapted MCC component matrix to predict cement properties and ensure compliance with sustainable construction requirements. These objectives and tasks aim to bridge the scientific knowledge gap by integrating statistical methods into MCC development, enabling the creation of environmentally safe, high-performance building materials that meet modern standards.

Materials and Methods. The research is derived from the statistical assessment of experimental data presented in patent RU 2079458 C1 (authors Andreev V.V., Smirnova E.E.). Data on 8 formulations of multi-component cements were analyzed, including Portland cement clinker (Pikalevo), blast-furnace slags (Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk), electrothermosulfate slag (SPTI), calcium hydrogarnets (GGK-1, GGK-2), and phosphogypsum (Kingisepp). Relationships between the chemical makeup of constituents (SiO₂, CaO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SO₃, etc.) and their performance characteristics (self-stress, linear expansion, and sulfate resistance), determined according to standard methods (GOST 310.1–76, GOST 310.4–81, TU 21–26–13–90), were examined. Correlation evaluation was used as the main method. Visualization of correlation matrices was carried out using heatmaps (Seaborn library in Python). Additionally, calculations of the economic and environmental efficiency of partially replacing clinker with the specified active admixtures were performed.

Results. The findings of the statistical review confirmed the significant impact of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and other elements on the performance attributes of cements. It was determined that the calculated replacement of 30% of clinker with SCMs allows for a mitigation of the carbon footprint by 25–40%. It was revealed that enhancing the SiO₂ content in the cement formulation improves the sulfate resistance of the cement paste, and literature data suggest that thermal activation of slags boosts compressive strength by 12–15%, improving the degree of hydration of constituents and forming a denser cement matrix. Economic assessment demonstrated that clinker substitution with active supplements can decrease cement production costs by 10–15%.

Discussion and Conclusion. Correlation assessment substantiated the pivotal role of SiO₂ in bolstering the sulfate resistance of the cementitious material. It was found that the silicate blast-furnace admixture used (slag A) can diminish sulfate resistance, which is presumably explained by the presence of impurities such as MgO and alkali oxides. Evaluation of the basicity coefficient (B = (CaO + MgO + Al₂O₃) / SiO₂) revealed that when B < 1, hydration processes deteriorate, resulting in the formation of weak gel structures necessitating compensation with pozzolanic supplements. Statistical calculations highlighted a strong positive correlation (r = 0.89) between sulfate resistance and linear expansion, validating the potential for regulating these features through the precise makeup of cement mixtures. Furthermore, calculations indicated that lowering the C₃A content in clinker below 8% significantly enhances cement durability in aggressive environments. The developed statistical techniques can be used for refining formulations to create environmentally sustainable binders with improved performance characteristics. The need for further investigation to verify the models on a wider range of materials and under industrial conditions is acknowledged.

Introduction. The flora of most urban areas has received scant attention regarding toxicity, resulting in the potential for humans and animals to encounter poisonous plants. Furthermore, there is an influx of new potentially hazardous species into populated areas. It is evident that there are two primary mechanisms through which their propagation occurs. The first of these is natural population increase. The second is the introduction of ornamental species in landscape projects. The presence of poisonous plants in urban areas is frequently identified solely on the basis of symptoms including poisoning, dermal and eye burns. Children are the most vulnerable in this regard. The situation in Russia has been examined using the example of several urban ecosystems; however, the distribution of toxic flora in Rostov-on-Don remains unstudied. The aim of this research is to evaluate the potential hazard posed by poisonous plants in Rostov-on-Don.

Materials and Methods. The research focused on species of poisonous vascular plants growing within the city limits of Rostov-on-Don. The data was collected during fieldwork in 2023–2024 using the route method. Information on the presence of poisonous plants on the territory of the city in 2007–2022 was also taken into account. The names of the plant species are given according to the Plant List database. The toxicity class was determined according to the A. Filmer scale.

Results. In the urban context of Rostov-on-Don, a total of 66 species of poisonous plants were identified (8% of the city's total floral biodiversity). They belonged to diverse hazard categories according to their potential impact on human and animal health. A thorough analysis of taxonomic structure of the toxic flora revealed the most prominent orders: Ranunculales (14 species) and Solanales (6 species). The potentially lethal plants within the city limits included Hyoscyamus niger, Conium maculatum, Aristolochia clematitis, Convallaria majalis, Ricinus communis, and others (21 species). The ecological and cenotic analysis demonstrated that almost one third of the detected toxic plant species (30%) were associated with ruderal habitats, i.e. roadsides and abandoned areas. The majority of species (41%) were found to be associated with artificial phytocenoses that were created for ornamentation. Of particular concern were plants bearing poisonous fruits of high ornamental value. This group comprised 14 species, including Parthenocissus sp., Phytolacca americana, and Wisteria sinensis. A biomorphological analysis of the toxic flora revealed the predominance of perennial and annual grasses (66%). Shrubbery, conversely, exhibited a lower level of diversity (16%), yet demonstrated a more extensive geographical distribution.

Discussion and Conclusions. This is the first study to assess the potential threat posed by poisonous plants in urban ecosystems within the southern Russian region. The identification of toxic plant species, their role in the urban landscape and ways of their further development will help to minimize poisoning by poisonous plants. Uncontrollably spreading ruderal toxic plants, among which particularly dangerous species have been found, require special attention. During landscaping and green construction, the toxicity of each specimen should be taken into account.

Introduction. The modern industrial and environmental challenges require the identification of optimal sorbents for water purification from organic contaminants. Sorbents like activated carbon and silicon dioxide have been widely used, but the problem of selecting the optimal sorbent that can adequately purify water remains relevant. There is information in the scientific literature about potential use of sorbents from natural zeolite-containing minerals for this purpose. However, this approach is not well developed; the materials are poorly studied and, as a result, are rarely used to solve environmental problems. This work aims to fill this gap by studying the sorption properties of a natural sorbent based on zeolite-containing rocks of the Tatarsko-Shatrashan deposit.

Materials and Methods. The method of ascending liquid column chromatography became the basis for this study. The sorption material was loaded into a chromatographic column with a length of 120 mm and an inner diameter of 3 mm. The model organic substances in the vial moved along the length of the sorption layer. Trichloroethane, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloroethane, and trichloroethylene were used as model compounds. We summarized the significant data in tables and visually represented it in graphs.

Results. The technological characteristics of natural sorbents obtained on the basis of zeolite-containing rocks of the Tatarsko-Shatrashan deposit have been experimentally investigated. The absolute retention time of the studied sorbates, as well as their sorption capacity in relation to zeolite-containing rocks of the Tatarsko-Shatrashansky deposit, were determined. The dependence of the retention time of model organic substances on the length of the sorption layer, which was determined by the physical-chemical nature of the sorbate under study, has been established. From the same point of view (as components of the dependence), the boiling points of model organic substances, dipole moments, refractive indices, and densities were considered. The experimental data were statistically processed, and the absolute and relative errors of a single measurement were determined. All sorbates considered in the framework of this scientific work showed significant or high sorption capacity. The recorded minimum was 34% (methyl ethyl ketone); the maximum was 72% (ethyl acetate). At the same time, ethyl acetate had an extremely short retention time in a 10-centimeter sorption layer (26 min). The longest retention time was for methyl ethyl ketone (314 min). Its sorption capacity was minimal (34%).

Discussion and Conclusion. The prospects of the studied material for the purification of surface and waste water from major pollutants in the natural environment have been experimentally proven. It has been determined that zeolite-containing rocks from the Tatarsko-Shatrashan deposit can adsorb 34–72% of organic compounds that pollute water. They can be used in technological processes for the purification of natural and wastewater from major environmental pollutants.

Introduction. Currently, for each area of human activity, there is a set of measures aimed at improving its safety from the effects of various negative factors that harm life and health. However, despite the existence and implementation of these measures, around 8,000 people still die from fires each year in the Russian Federation. Thus, the aim of the work is to improve the existing fire safety concept by defining a specific compliance condition for each specific type of assessment in this area. The basis for improving current methods and approaches to assessing the protection of facilities and population from fires is statistical analysis. This allows us to evaluate the likelihood of fire incidents and casualties based on the functional use of a facility, the causes of fires, and the social background of victims.

Materials and Methods. The research plan included both a theoretical and practical part. To solve the problem of the relationship between assessment forms and compliance conditions, we outlined the methodological principle of "one assessment form — one compliance condition". This principle was based on the analysis of the existing regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in the field of fire safety. In order to assess the effectiveness of a particular form of assessment for a particular facility, we proposed a probabilistic approach. This involved determining the risk of fire and deaths in the facility, given the implementation of the assessment form.

Results. As a result of the study, we determined the average probability of fires and fatalities for certain classes of functional hazards of objects. This allowed us to calculate the expected risk of death if one of the legal forms of fire safety assessment was applied. The proposed methodological approach was presented in the form of a draft, and the mathematical calculations were provided in the form of flowcharts and tables. These visual representations described the research and made it easier to understand. Both the proposed and existing methodological approaches were identified, highlighting their disadvantages and advantages. We proposed implementing and adding new forms and conditions to ensure the fire safety of facilities.

Discussion and Conclusion. The work will makeit possible to develop methods for mathematically modeling hazardous working conditions for employees and toidentify a catalogue of social and economic risks at industrial facilities. This is a necessary tool for professionals andowners to ensure industrial safety.

Introduction. When designing construction projects in urban areas, it is essential to protect the environment from dust pollution. This is particularly challenging in densely populated areas where the construction site is often surrounded by existing buildings and infrastructure. Successful implementation of such projects requires a thorough analysis of many factors, including weather conditions, environmental risks, and limited space for maneuvering. A crucial aspect of this process is the development of measures to control dust emissions during construction. Therefore, technological innovations in the field of eco-friendly roofing systems are becoming a key element of modern urban planning. As scientific research in recent years has shown, eco-friendly structures contribute to the rational use of urban space and significantly improve the environment. However, the results of these studies lack data on the effectiveness of green roof structures and vegetation on them in reducing dust pollution in residential areas. They are adjacent to already populated objects and the lack of space makes it impossible to completely protect urban residents from dust exposure. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of green roofs to control the spread of dust in areas with active infill development and to develop our own green roof designs. The introduction of green roofs into residential construction not only improves the architectural appearance of neighborhoods, but also enhances the quality of the urban environment. The use of eco-friendly solutions in construction contributes to the modernization of the industry, making it safer for the environment and more comfortable for residents.

Materials and Methods. An environmental experiment was conducted as part of the large-scale construction of the Krasny Aksai residential complex in Rostov-on-Don. In March 2020, in the construction area and outside the site, employees of the contractor planted herbaceous plants of six species typical of the Rostov region. Each plant species occupied an area of six square meters, creating a total experimental area of 36 square meters. The methodology for determining the volume of dust deposits trapped by plants included sampling dust particles from the surface of plant leaves with a brush, which was performed twice a week from May to October 2020, during the active construction of a multi-storey residential building. Air samples were taken to measure dust concentrations using an electric aspirator PU-3E/12 and filters made from perchlorvinyl fiber AFA-VP10.

Results. The research showed that during the construction period with an easterly wind of 3–5 meters per second and humidity of 40%, the planted vegetation had a significant impact on air quality. There was a decrease in the concentration of PM10 dust particles above the green area by 10%, and at a distance of 10 meters from the vegetation cover, compared to the adjacent construction area, by 15%. Measurements of dust deposits over the growing season (May–October) revealed a significant dynamics: if at the beginning of the season (May–June) the amount of dust deposits on plants was a maximum of 0.42 mg/cm², then in the midst of the warm season (July–October) it reached 1.81 mg/cm². Financial calculations showed that traditional and green roofs were equally cost-effective over the long term (up to 40 years). To achieve this research goal, the authors have developed and implemented two types of constructive solutions for green roofs for public and residential buildings.

Discussion and Conclusion. Green roof structures can act as an effective barrier against the spread of dust in the air, especially in areas near infill development where there is a high concentration of suspended solids. To reduce this concentration in residential areas near infill development, it is recommended to install green roofs on terraces, rooftops, and substructures of buildings with windows and entrances located near the construction site. In order to curb the spread of suspended particles, it is also suggested that green roof installation be considered for low-rise buildings such as kindergartens, schools, and shopping malls. The decision on where to install these structures should depend on the overall urban development plan for the area or specific territory.

Introduction. Estimation of the parameters of probability distribution laws using probability grids is widely used in practice, particularly in modern software systems. This approach is actively employed for statistical analysis, where the calculation results are presented as a probability graph. This allows for the assessment of the correspondence between a given data set and a proposed probability model, as well as the identification of outliers. In the context of probabilistic assessment of the loading of machine elements and structures, some authors suggest applying the Fisher–Tippett law. This law is characterized by a distribution function with three parameters and is oriented to the maximum. This provides flexibility in the description of statistical data and enables the estimation of the maximum value in the context of loading. Nevertheless, the existing literature has not sufficiently substantiated the graphical representation of calculation results and the method of parameter estimation, including the use of the probability grid method, which limits the practical application of the Fisher–Tippett law. Therefore, the aim of this study is to justify and develop a methodology for estimating parameters of the Fisher–Tippett law using the probability grid method.

Materials and Methods. The principles and theoretical foundations of constructing probability grids, the preliminary grouping of data, and a ranking method for estimating the empirical distribution were considered as the materials for the study. Analytical dependencies for constructing a probability grid and estimating the parameters of the Fisher–Tippett law were justified. The method of mathematical modeling and comparative analysis were employed. The Matlab 8.6 software package was utilized for modeling. The data were summarized in a tabular format and visualized in the form of graphs.

Results. The method of constructing a probabilistic graph and the method of graphical estimation of the parameters of the Fisher–Tippett law were justified and demonstrated by example. A graph of the empirical distribution function and a probability plot with a description of the locations were presented. A method for constructing a special scale for estimating the shape parameter centered on the origin was proposed. A comparative analysis of parameter estimates obtained using graphical and analytical methods was performed. Estimates of the scale, shape, and shift parameters were compared. The relative error in estimates using the probability grid method was not more than 2%. The indicator for the scale parameter was 1.83%; for the shape parameter was it 0.67%, and for the shift parameter it was 0.45%. Corresponding results of the analytical assessment were 4.4%, 9.33% and 2.13%. In this case, the error was higher, but it did not mean that the analytical method was less accurate.

Discussion and Conclusion. The adequacy of the proposed method of graphical estimation of the parameters of the Fisher–Tippett law by the probabilistic grid method has been demonstrated. This method can be applied, for example, within software packages or user applications. A special scale for graphically estimating the shape parameter can also be used to estimate the shape parameter of the Weibull law. The obtained analytical dependencies, the provisions of the methodology and the graphical materials can be used in the development of the corresponding national standard.

Introduction. Currently, more than 7,000 legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the Russian Federation operate hazardous production facilities (HPFs) and over 90,000 lifting facilities, including cranes, hoists, and elevators. Periodically, serious accidents leading to injuries and deaths are recorded at these facilities, emphasizing the importance of ensuring safety on lifting cranes. However, sanctions against imported cranes installed in ports make it difficult to ensure their safe operation, as many of these cranes exceed or approach the end of their service life. According to the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, an industrial safety inspection is required for further operation of these cranes. The existing studies on the assessment of technical condition of lifting machines primarily focus on issues related to residual life. However, the analysis reveals that the features of evaluating the condition of cranes manufactured by foreign companies, in particular, their actual loads as determined by FEM, have not been thoroughly investigated. This discrepancy between actual and specified loading leads to increased risk of accidents. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for determining the actual classification group of jib cranes produced by foreign companies, which will allow for an objective assessment of their technical condition during the industrial safety inspections, as well as verifying the developed methodology through a specific example.

Materials and Methods. The assessment was based on statistical data collected over the past 27 years. The study was conducted through a systematization of typical damages to cranes identified during industrial safety inspections. Statistical data on the number of cranes and accidents were collected from open sources. During the observation period, there were 254,250 cranes, and the average number of accidents was 42.29, which allowed us to calculate a background probability of accidents of 1.66 ∙ 10⁻⁴. This allowed us to identify an excess in the permissible destruction probability, which was 2x10⁻³, compared to the established regulatory level of 10⁻⁴. Based on this, we analyzed the technical condition of cranes and refined the risk assessment methodology. The direct analysis of the technical condition of cranes was based on the study of loading functions, which depended on the weight of the load and the boom outreach, considered as random variables. For this purpose, we collected and processed primary information in the form of histograms of the distribution of transported cargo masses and boom outreach of the tested cranes. We used these data to calculate the remaining fatigue life of the resource-determining component of the metal structure and the probability of structural failure. Statistical data processing techniques were used to formalize conclusions about the risk level of crane operation based on specific numerical values of accident and damage probabilities, taking into account economic and social factors.

Results. To assess the technical condition of jib cranes manufactured by foreign companies, a methodology was developed to determine the actual classification group. The methodology included calculating the load distribution coefficient (К_р) through load moments, estimating the residual resource by a characteristic number, calculating fatigue stresses for a resource-determining unit, determining the probability of structural failure, and assessing the risk of an accident. The article provides an example of the application of this technique to a specific jib crane. For a crane with design К_р = 0.30 (group A6) and a standard characteristic number of 125,000, the actual characteristic number was 179,323, indicating that service life had been exhausted. Verification calculation of fatigue stresses in the reference contour showed close proximity to the ultimate strength. The value of the probability of destruction, considering the statistical data on the crane load, exceeded the permissible value.

Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the results, using a specific example, showed that exceeding the passport classification of the crane's operating mode, and as a result, exceeding the assigned resources of its structural components, led to a significant increase in the risk of accidents. Based on the examination, it was found that the actual classification group of the crane's operating mode exceeded the passport value and amounts to A6 instead of A5. The developed methodology for assessing the actual classification group of the operating mode of jib cranes from foreign manufacturers allows for a significant reduction in the likelihood of structural failure and accident rate during industrial safety inspections. At the same time, it is recommended to use the background probability of a lifting crane accident of 1.66·10⁻⁴ and the average value of material damage of 73.2 million rubles in calculations.

Introduction. Diffusion alloying from the medium of low-melting liquid metal solutions (DALMMS) allows us to form coatings for metal products. At the same time, the carbon content in the alloy is reduced under the carbide coating layer, which negatively affects the operation of products under contact stresses. To neutralize decarburization, as well as to obtain deep hardened layers, a complex chemical-thermal treatment (CCTT) is proposed. It means pre-carburization and subsequent DALMMS with chromium. It is important to compare the characteristics of coatings on metal samples that have undergone and have not undergone carburization. The results of such studies have not been published before. The aim of the work is to analyze the effect of pre-carburization on chromium-based diffusion coatings and the structure of the coated sample.

Materials and Methods. The coatings were obtained by immersing St3 and 40X steel samples in a PbLi reaction transport medium with the addition of chromium. Some of the samples were previously subjected to vacuum carburization. The coating thickness and structure of the coated sample were determined using a universal microscope NU-2E (Carl Zeiss Jena). Electron microprobe analysis was performed on a Tescan Lyra 3 electron microscope with the Oxford Ultim MAX PCMA system. Microhardness was determined by the Dura Scan Falcon 500 microhardness tester. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) was performed on a Bruker D8 Advance Eco X-ray diffractometer.

Results. Without carburization, a coating with a thickness of 12 µm was formed on the St3 steel sample, while with carburization it was 22 µm. The difference was 1.83 times. The chromium diffusion depth in the sample without carburization was 18 µm. In the sample with pre-carburization it was 34 µm. Carburization provided a significant increase in the depth of the hardened layer. Without pre-treatment, the microhardness values of the coating were recorded after DALMMS: 1400 HV0.02 for St3 and 1650 HV0.02 for 40X. After CCTT: 1500 HV0.02 for St3 and 1800 HV0.0 for 40X. However, at a depth of 10 µm, the microhardness (160 HV0.02) was lower than that of the coated material for both samples. After CCTT, the areas with reduced microhardness disappeared, and the depth of the hardened layer was 1.5 mm for St3 and 2 mm for 40X.

Discussion and Conclusion. Pre-carburization helps to avoid the formation of a softened sublayer between the coating and the coated material, which is important for the performance of products under contact stresses. Consequently, chrome-coated structural steel parts can be used after carburization in conditions of abrasive corrosion and high mechanical loads. Examples of these applications include compressor equipment and oil and gas equipment.